Robert D. Knudsen's Calvinistic Philosophy lectures (Disk 17 and 18)

This is a continuation of the class lectures on Calvinistic Philosophy given by Robert D. Knudsen at Westminster Theological Seminary.  As before, the information in the audio recordings have not been validated for accuracy (use at your own risk).

Dooyeweerd Part 3 (Disk 17)

Dooyeweerd thought all along that though itself has a religious root. The way we relate to our presuppositions is through thought itself.

Dooyeweerd never considered the religiousness of thought to be the subjection of thought to metaphysically conceived axioms themselves of a scientific character standing above thought itself.

In everything manifestation of thought there is always a law order holding for it. Thought is shown to be depended upon the divine law (lex divina).

The change from the earlier to the later Dooyeweerd the change came when a critique of thought which had always been present in his thinking but the change came when he said this critique is required by the very structure of thought itself. Van Til called this the restriction and could not accept the restriction.

The reference to the religious foundation comes only in at the third step. Is this a sign that the first two steps are carried out in a neutral way? No theoretical axiom has been introduced dogmatically or any scientific prejudice, he wants to show all a long a religious impulse all along. The false starting point of apostate man causes him to introduce a prejudice.

Only from the Christian point of view is one freed to apprehend the true starting point without introducing prejudice. But this is completely religiously conditioned in either a true or false direction.

If one objects to such argumentation he must admit that he is obliged to render account of the general states of affairs or one has to present methodologically the argument for the consequences of opting against the christian position.

Dooyeweerd, part 4 (Disk 18)

Dooyeweerd's view of the soul

An outstanding characteristic of the WdW has been the critique of traditional theological views of the soul which have pretended to be scriptural. This goes for Dooyeweerd and Vollenhoven (maybe Stoker, not Van Til). For Dooyeweerd it is impossible to lift your theoretical views directly out of the Bible. This includes a theoretical anthropology and it is impossible to require philosophical view to square to scripture. If we've understood the transcendental critique, any philosophical view of the soul will have a religious depth and can be judged to its scripturalness.

Dooyeweerd is certain however, that the scriptures as they address man's heart teaching him that all reality is created do not allow for dualistic philosophical notions that would draw a line or antithesis in the cosmos. Let us say between the rational soul and material body, intellect and sensibility, etc. Scripture teach that man is created and an integral being before God. So it is impossible to grasp what the soul is in contrast with created reality.

In order to gain a proper understanding of Dooyeweerd's view of the soul, this transcendental direction of this thinking must be kept in mind. There is a centripital direction of thought to the 'I' as the one who thinks. In the diversity of cosmic time there is nothing to stop this reflection, there is not thing in it for itself, there is always guidance by a theoretical idea (Law Idea) and there is always reflection upon the presuppositions of thought.

The soul, cosmic time, the various aspects, the unity of the body cannot be grasped in a theoretical concept. They appear in distinct horizons which provide a frame for our experience.

In our total beings there is this constant point back to our creator as covenant beings.

Dooyeweerd has spoken of the supra-temporality of the heart. The heart of man is not contained in within the cosmic diversity of time. If we seek to view the heart of man from within time we'll end up with nothing. This does not mean that then the heart should be sought as an entity outside of time. What it does mean is that man in his integral unity could be understood in terms of a transcendent reference interpreted by God and His revelation.

It is impossible to understand Dooyeweerd's view of the soul apart from the transcendental direction of the self and the transtemporality.

Philosophical thought is lead in the transcendental direction to reflect upon the self and philosophical thought can only point to this in the idea. In this reflection, it critically acknowledges its inability to grasp what the self is apart from God and his revelation (Calvin, Institutes I.i.1).

Now if there were a philosophical view of the soul, then the transcendental direction would have been abolished. There would be a line drawn through the creation, one part of the creation over against the other in your self reflection. In the reflection on itself it comes to reflection on its intergral root and destruction of the universality in its own sphere.

If one is to learn what the soul is he cannot lean on philosophy. He must listen to the word of God and theology has to be dependent upon revelation (as is philosophy).

In Dooyeweerd's anthropology the basic distinction was between the heart and the entire function mantle of man's body. The heart is only in its relation to the true/false concentration point. It is it point at which the various strands of life are concentrated. This concentration point is not construable in the diversity of time.

The situation is understood in terms of God's revelation which speaks to the heart of man.

Dooyeweerd says the body is an act structure in which all the aspects of the body function in an centered unity. Dooyeweerd rejects the idea of substance in the description of man.

Dooyeweerd called the development of the theroetical anthropology as the crowning point of his philosophy. He never did finish the development of this view.

Transtemporality idea

1. The fullness of meaning is not found in anything that is temporal.
2. In our experience there will always a tendency to dispers in a multiplicity of directions each of which if allowed to develop unrestrained would mean a fall into meaninglessness.
3. Meaning is perserved not by following one of the dispirsed tendencies (#2) but by concentrating on the fullness of meaning.
4. Concentrating on the fullness is by way of a reflection on oneself in ones covenant relation to God who has revealed himself in Christ.
5. This reflection is a reflection on the self in its total involved directedness to its origin.
6. Whether the self will stand in this fundamental covenental relationship of obedient response is a question of the true direction of the heart.

The tendency to dispurse in time is not the result of sin, but becoming bound to it is.

There is an end of the trail character to the self reflection. One may not speculate, but be content in knowing oneself in the revelation context.

Hendrik G. Stoker

Stoker for many years has been sympathetic but critically oriented representative of the Calvinistic philosophy.

Stoker has been spoken of as the first South African philosopher to have gained recognition in the US and Europe.

In 1935 he published an article in the Evangelical Quarterly (volume 7) called the possibility of a calvinistic philosophy. In the article he said there was need on a calvinistic basis for a calvinistic philosophy that is truly a philosophy. He maintained that there was too great a confusion between theology and philosophy. Furthermore, too much attention had been given to detail work without basis of building of a comprehensive system based on a reformed world and life view. There was inclusion of elements that did not belong within this framework. Stoker sought to erect a philosophy based on a calvinistic worldview.

Stokers position reflects the same spirit as Vollenhoven and Dooyeweerd but it has its own cachet. Stoker remained closer to the line preceding Dooyeweerd (stands closer to Bavinck).

Three differences

1. We find in Stoker an emphasis on principles.
2. Stoker has never been so critical of the substance idea.
3. He had difficultly with the idea that the cosmos is mean (he would say it has meaning).

Robert D. Knudsen's Calvinistic Philosophy lectures (Disks 16)

This is a continuation of the class lectures on Calvinistic Philosophy given by Robert D. Knudsen at Westminster Theological Seminary.  As before, the information in the audio recordings have not been validated for accuracy (use at your own risk).

Dooyeweerd, part 2 (disk 16)

Intergral to this position that it is possible only from the law idea of the Christian faith to conceive of the order God has placed in the cosmos.  From any other position we cannot see the cosmic coherence in its true proportions and relationship to the origin.  Apostate thinking will absolutize one or more of the created aspects of reality.  That will lead to elevating one or more of these aspects to the origin of meaning or we shall try to arrange to aspects under a logically conceived denominator.

We have the idea of the origin, the deeper unity and the coherence of the meaning of the cosmos.  The cosmos in its meaning concentrates on the heart of man, man in his totality as he looks out on his origin.  The Archimedean point is found in the religious community in which one participates.

Given any theoretical statement, an investigation by way of a transcendental critique is in order to discover whether its underlying motives are in conformity to the message of the scriptures.

After the publication of WdW in 1935-36, Dooyeweerd began sharpening his position. 

Dooyeweerd attempted to show that the critique is involved in very structure of the theoretical attitude of thought.  As soon as one thinks in a theoretical fashion he is already involved in doing certain things that may be brought to light by a step-by-step analysis.  This step-by-step analysis is a formalization of the less strict argument from before.  This step-by-step analysis is the transcendental critique.  It is in this form that it has received the most criticism.

The critique happens in 3 or 4 steps.  There is a certain progression and the number of steps is not the formal concern.  The argument proceeds in a certain way.  The steps are intended to show the following:

1.     Show that theoretical thinking is dependent upon a pre-theoretical structure of time.  Every act of theoretical thinking in a particular kind of abstraction from the temporal coherence of meaning will manifest its dependence upon a pre-theoretical structure.  What is abstracted from in the gegenstand relation and how is this abstraction possible?  Dooyeweerd maintained that one who tries to maintain neutrality will try to suppress this question.

2.     Ask about the focus of the synthesis of the abstracted aspects.  What do you do with them?  Dooyeweerd recognized that in every theoretical position, there is already a synthesis in some sort of logical unity.  From what standpoint is it possible to unite in the theoretic synthesis the aspects that are distinguished and set apart in the theoretical attitude of thought.

3.     Dooyeweerd attempts to account for the pattern that this focus takes.  If we are able to find the focus only in reflecting upon ourselves can we really find the focus of the theoretical synthesis.  What is the character of this self-knowledge and how is it possible?

The critique itself is not productive of the religious impulse underlying the true or false direction of thought.  It is only a way of bringing to awareness of what is actually the case in every theoretical train of thought.

1.     There is an abstraction of the coherence of the meaning of the aspects.

2.     There is a particular kind of synthesis having its focus on the self.

3.     This reflection on the self is always determined by a religious motive.

MY NOTE: Here Knudsen spends a lot of time talking about Dooyeweerd and Van Til’s disagreement in Van Til’s festschrift, Jerusalem and Athens.  ISBN: 0875524893.

Criticisms of the Transcendental Critique

Some in Toronto (MY NOTE: my guess is that he is referring to the Institute for Christian Studies) have rejected this transcendental critique.  A good number think they don’t need this and develop their response based upon gut reaction.

Dooyeweerd developed a bit of neutrality into his position to communicate it better and lapsing into a kind of scholasticsm (Van Til’s criticism).

Douglass Vickers spoke of a residual emmentism.

This idea of communication, that indeed you cannot communicate with the apostate thinker until you have subjected his position and your own to a transcendental critique.  Because only in terms of depth understanding, do the concepts appear.

Dooyeweerd is criticised of developing a second way due to his first being too dogmatic.

Dooyeweerd is criticised of abandoning the starting point of the Calvinistic world-view to one that is more accepted to non-Christian thinkers and having common ground.  Dooyeweerd was never that way.  Dooyeweerd always wanted to show to relation of theoretical thought and religious roots.

Robert D. Knudsen's Calvinistic Philosophy lectures (Disks 15)

This is a continuation of the class lectures on Calvinistic Philosophy given by Robert D. Knudsen at Westminster Theological Seminary.  As before, the information in the audio recordings have not been validated for accuracy (use at your own risk).

Vollenhoven, part 9 Dooyeweerd part 1 (disk 15)

If you do not observe the boundary in God’s creation you have what happens you have antinomies toward the law.  The only way to eliminate it is to give proper attention to the boundary.

MY NOTE: Knudsen talks about the law spheres here but does not list them all on the audio.  The following I pulled from L. Kalsbeek’s Contours of a Christian Philosophy (ISBN: 0-7734-6950-8) page 40-41

1.     Arithmetic

2.     Spatial

3.     Kinematic

4.     Physical

5.     Botic

6.     Sensitive

7.     Analytic

8.     Historical

9.     Lingual

10.  Social

11.  Economic

12.  Aesthetic

13.  Juridical

14.  Ethical

15.  Pistic

Arithmetic to Analytic are the non-normative above the Analytic are normative.

There is here an expression of sphere sovereignty in the aspects.  If we look at the various aspects they have fundamental irreducible nuclei (kernel) of meaning.  This nucleus is not logical in character, they resist logical analysis.  Each one from its own perspective, there is a universality in its own sphere, it reflects its own aspect of the entire cosmos.  So there are anticipating and retrocipating moments.  In the biotic you have a nucleus of mean and clustered around it are subsiderary moments of meaning in either direction.  We attempt to get certain concepts and what happens we find that we obtain general logical concepts.  The question comes how do we distinguish those from something else, Dooyeweerd says that as soon as we get one of these concepts we discover that it is analogical in character (multivocality in character).  The multivocality does not arise because the meaning has not been clarified in the logical analysis, but because it goes beyond its basic sense.  In each one of these aspects you have the nuclei of meaning, the analogies, and the law side and subject side (subject and object).

This occurs against the background that there is a fundamental character of the reality as meaning, all reality is meaning.  Not in the sense of symbolic meaning, it is the sense that to express the self in sufficiency of the temporal world or the lack of self-sufficiency of the temporal world with respect to its origin.

As we have God speaking to our hearts and our lives radiating out toward the world at the same time there is this reflection on ourselves and everything we do.  There is this lack of self-sufficency that we are dependent upon the cosmos that then however every part of that cosmos reflects every part of that creator.  We are constantly reflecting upon our own lives and our covenant responsibility before God.

The meaning character of all reality is set up against the idea of substance.  Substance is self-sufficent to itself.  Dooyeweerd would say God is only self-sufficent.  The cosmos is meaning in all of its part.  There is nothing in the cosmos that is isolated from man’s being.

Dooyeweerd’s move toward a formalization of the Transcendental Critique.

Dooyeweerd attempted to find the relevancy of his Calvinistic world and life view toward the science of statecraft.  You cannot simply lift theoretical concepts directly from the scriptures.  Dooyeweerd had the idea that theory has its own identity and structure over against naïve experience.  All theory has to be conformable toward God’s word at its root.  You have to spiral down into your field to find the religious foundation (the theoretical foundation of your field).  Getting down to the presuppositions.

One can see how the transcendental thrust is already there.  Given your theorizing, you cannot reduce it to something else, there is already this transcendental reflection on what is already at work in it.

Dooyeweerd held that all developments of theoretical concepts by an idea of law, therefore he gave his philosophy the name the philosophy of law-idea (Wijsbegeerte der Wetsidee or WdW).

The law idea was regarded by Dooyeweerd as an instrument to relate our (or link) our theoretical thinking and our worldview commitment.  This law idea is of a law order which given any experience is already there.  That already there idea is important because you do anything, it is already there and you have to reflect transcendentally.

This order of law is meaning.  It has no being of itself but out and to its origin.  There is this reflecting back (Romans 11:36: “For from him and through him and to him are all things.  To him be glory forever.  Amen.” (ESV)).  This law idea reflects back on God as the origin of meaning and manifests its dependency upon God and his revelation that centers in Jesus Christ.

The Law is not conceived of on the set of theoretical axioms from which you could deduce things or that would be norms or imposed a priori upon experience.  Nor are they on the order of generalities the result of theoretical abstractions.  Every theoretical axiom, each one must be understood as revealing this law order.  This order is not that of a theory based on logical or logos world order.

The original form the transcendental critique.

No conception of any theory is neutral.  It is impelled by an idea of cosmic coherence and the origin of meaning.  This idea is not one derived from theoretical thought it is of religious origin and will determine the direction of the thought.  Therefore given any theoretical conceptualization it is necessary to reflect upon the idea impelling it and on the religious content of the idea.

Robert D. Knudsen's Calvinistic Philosophy lectures (Disks 14)

This is a continuation of the class lectures on Calvinistic Philosophy given by Robert D. Knudsen at Westminster Theological Seminary.  As before, the information in the audio recordings have not been validated for accuracy (use at your own risk).
 

Vollenhoven part 8 (disk 14)

The subjectivist has to take position in regards to myth.  Universal subjectivist for example would be mythological or non-mythological.  The mythical thinker thought in terms of becoming of the gods and the world.  They were cosmogonic-cosmological and purely cosmological thinkers.  So there is a method of development.

By way of criticism of Vollenhoven’s method

1.     Knudsen holds that this is a good method.  It has been employed to some degree in the history of ideas.  Very important is how the distinctions are made with which the investigation is carried on.  When you try to compress a thinker, sometimes they don’t fit.

2.     Thinkers are typed according to what appeared to be rigid and minute classifications and we must state this, determining that a thinker stands in a particular line doesn’t explain him.  How does one account for influence of one thinker on another? 

3.     Vollenhoven didn’t want to fall into the trap of categorizing ancient philosophers in terms for modern times, but does he make distinctions of modern philosophers into ancient molds?

It remains that Vollenhoven tried to erect a history of philosophy on a consistently Christian basis.

Heman Dooyeweerd (1894-1977)

Born in Amsterdam, his father was a follower of Abraham Kuyper (Doleantie).  His mother was influenced by the German leader Kohlbrugge,  Dooyeweerd’s father read from De Heraut.  Dooyeweerd entered the Free University of Amsterdam in 1912 unsure of what to study.  A friend recommended the study of Law.  On July 2, 1917 he defended his doctoral dissertation (De Ministerraad in het Nederlandsche Staaatsrecht or Cabinet Ministers under Dutch Constitutional Law). 

He first worked in matters of Jurisprudence.  In 1922 he was invited to be the adjunct director of the Abraham Kuyper foundation in De Haag.  This foundation was developed to study principles of the Anti-Revolutionary party (today absorbed into the Christian Democratic Appeal or Christian-Democratisch Appel).

In 1926 he became professor in the department of Jurisprudence at the Free University of Amsterdam.

Dooyeweerd’s philosophy must be understood as a Christian Transcendental Philosophy and when we speak of its character we do not only have the transcendental critique.  The first real suggestion of this form occurs in 1939, the transcendental critique of theoretical thought.  The earliest appearance in English is in the evangelical quarterly volume 19 pages 32-41 called introduction to a transcendental criticism of philosophical thought.

We affirm that Dooyeweerd’s thinking had a transcendental thrust.  This transcendental thrust was virtually assured by the first steps in developing his philosophy and transcendental critique from the very beginning.

During 1922-1926 Dooyeweerd wrote a series of articles and he wanted to show the relevance of the Calvinistic world and life view to statecraft.  Dooyeweerd believed that this worldview was fundamentally rooted in the Scriptures but did not believe that a theory of statecraft could be read directly out of the Scriptures.

Like Vollenhoven, Dooyeweerd believed that the Scriptures speak to the entire man.  Furthermore as Kuyper presented Calvinism was a world and life view.  As such it requires the undivided allegiance of the entire man.  Now then one then cannot read out a Christian statecraft from the scriptures, one cannot derive from them the fundamental principles on the order of theoretical axioms to which statecraft must conform.  This is where Dooyeweerd stands apart from a major emphasis of the Kuyperian tradition.

While statecraft could not be read out of the scriptures but the principles must conform to it.  Dooyeweerd had to fix on something that would present a meaningful criterion for his scientific studies.  The idea of Law, the law in this sense is not deduceable from the scripture but if you live according to scripture it will manifest itself with respect to the law idea somehow.  So Dooyeweerd came to the conclusion that all of your theoretical concepts are going to involve one or another idea of Law and the idea of Law becomes the instrument that gives you this connection.

There is then a divinely given order of law (Lex Divina) to which every fact is subject in the keeping or in the breech.

Dooyeweerd developed a theory of law spheres.  These are modes, how things appear to the what.  These were related to one another by anticipations (protentional) and retrocipations (retentional).  Dooyeweerd called these together analogies.  In our naïve experiencing these are held together in a systatic unity.  In theory they are distinguished and set it apart one from another.

Robert D. Knudsen's Calvinistic Philosophy lectures (Disks 12 and Disk 13)

This is a continuation of the class lectures on Calvinistic Philosophy given by Robert D. Knudsen at Westminster Theological Seminary.  As before, the information in the audio recordings have not been validated for accuracy (use at your own risk).
 

Vollenhoven, part 6 (disk 12)

Interfunctional connection is a connection between two or more systasis.  Intrafunctional connection is a connection within a systasis, example is a lack of desire to work due to sorrow.  More complicated instances occur in objectification.  There is the activity that Vollenhoven called patentizing and latentizing.  The latent functions of iron are bought to light by the activity of man in making it into a machine.  There is a second think called an actualizing.  In patentizing you take something that is a subject and you bring its latent possibilities and you make them patent.  In actualizing you have an objective qualified thing, a machine is objectively qualified, a machine is actualized when it is put to work.

Both patentizing and actualizing are possible only then when the necessary presuppositions and substrate are present.  It must be on the foundation of the substrate.  It is this connection, which presupposes the successive realization of the presupposition of   actualizing and patentizing would be called objectification.

In man all functions are present in a subjective way.  Therefore, in man we can speak only of patentizing.  We may speak of man realizing his subjective possibilities.  Vollenhoven did not speak of actualizing in terms of man.  Dooyeweerd developed later that mans potentialities could be objectified.  He can never be objectified in his whole being.  Now that has a relationship to existential thought.  Your existentialist is concerned with the objectification of man.  The idea is that man as a whole you can be understood within a pattern that pertains only to nature.  In this way of thinking you want to redeem him of this and we see him in terms of freedom of himself.  Man according to his structure it is impossible to objectify him, only certain capabilities of man can be objectified but not the whole man.

Now in spite of the fact that you cannot talk of actualizing in regards to man; men may indeed work together with the power available to them in associations and so forth having objectified things.  These things have a founding and leading functions; in business the leading one is the economic, the state the juridical, the family, the ethical, etc.

Now in addition to the this-that and thus-so scheme, Vollenhoven distinguished the dimension of the religious.  For the religious the leading of the creation by the spirit of God in relation to the word of God is fundamental.  Vollenhoven will insist strongly as he has upon this faith relationship that we respond to the word of God by the power of the Spirit of God.  Religion presupposes the created being of men with all their functions in mutual connection according to the image of God so that man reflects the glory of the LORD.  In this position as one looks at the religious there is always a tendancy to look at it in a structured fashion.  Vollenhoven, said on the side of the subject man is a correlate of the triune God.  The structure of man presupposes the three-fold office of Prophet, Priest and King.  But in order to understand Religion one must understand the opposition of good and evil.  Vollenhoven said that with man there is the question of good and evil in the analytical function.  It is only here where we distinguish subjectively between good and bad.  The logical law is the first within the cosmic order that has the characteristic of norm.  Correlate with the norms on the law side is choice on the subject side.  You may choose to think properly or not think properly.  The choice is that of obedience or disobedience.  If we are going to understand this normative properly, one must be careful to think in terms of the fundamental religious commitment of man.

Vollenhoven says this duality existed before the fall of man in the realm of angels.  At first for Adam and Eve it was indicated danger.  The fall into sin Adam and Eve were bought into experience this duality as a reality.  Good stands over against evil, now man is inclined to evil by nature and he is guilty before the requirement of obedience.  Christ was obedient and atoned for sin and Christ has reconciled us to God.  Now the function that has been turned to the left (toward evil) has been turned to the right (toward good).  With sin, there is not a loss of the ontological character of anything ontological in the creation, but rather the creation is still there but nevertheless it is turned away and man worships the creature.  Christ has reconciled us to God and turns it toward God. 

The distinction between good and evil presents us with the difference between right and left and this difference refers to the direction in which a particular function turns.  This difference of functioning cannot be reduced to the thus-so and this-that.  Vollenhoven insisted that the fall did not remove any part of the creation but it brought the religious direction to the left, away from God.  In this way the antithesis came also among the earthly subjects.  The antithesis was in the unseen creation and now through the fall it is manifest in the seen creation. 

Vollenhoven’s view does not allow for an easy solution to the sin problem, for example of the loss of the image of God interpreted as the illumination of certain human functions.  It does not allow us to point to some functions as good and some as evil and to raise the good over the bad. 

Vollenhoven spoke further about knowing.  The pre-theoretical and the theoretical, theoretical is based upon pre-theoretical knowing.   This is important for our understanding of the scriptures, at first our reading of the scriptures is pre-theoretical.  All of our theologizing in the theoretical is based upon our understanding in the pre-theoretical.  As we have seen all know involves a connection between the knower and what is known. 

Now here is where the followers of Vollenhoven differ from those of Dooyeweerd.  Dooyeweerd is going to say that if an act of thought is analytically qualified, that in theoretical thinking the analytical is deepened.  Vollenhoven makes further distinctions of more refined spheres than in pre-theoretical thinking; furthermore it deals with a single law sphere and it is the analysis of a non-logical aspect.  To make this possible the aspect must have been isolated and you distinguished the aspects in this way.  You don’t do it and your principle of the exclusion of antinomies apply.  Now he talks about vertical isolation, isolation of a part of a field (example: animal psychology and human psychology).  In horizontal isolation there is concentration on retrocipations and anticipations, from the psychical you anticipate the social, in the social you retrocipate the psychical.  Furthermore in theoretical thinking there is no single method, because the method is dependent upon the particular function being investigated.  Method in theology is not the same as method in psychology.  The most important thing for Vollenhoven is that the special sciences exist because of modal fields of investigation and not because of manifold points of view.

The result of theoretical activity is a statement that is not altogether analytic and not altogether non-analytic.  It squares with the scheme of modal aspects.  The mathematical axiom is not just mathematical but has also a logical character demanding a bridging of the logical and numerical.  Theoretical synthesis is characteristic of the theoretical concept.

Now that epistemology rests upon ontology then is implied that in knowing the boundary between God and cosmos must be recognized and thus knowledge about God and the cosmos must be distinguished.

Now with respect to pre-theoretical knowledge, one must distinguish between the various sources of knowing, nature and word revelation of God.  For knowledge about God, word revelation is the primary source and correlate with this knowledge is the pistical function of man.  In the knowledge of the cosmos two activities must be distinguished, knowing the cosmos in terms of the cosmos and with word revelation of God.  All knowing from the word of God is pistical activity.  Now there is also the activity of knowing the cosmos in the terms of the cosmos.  In this connection this knowledge is modally conditioned, this knowledge possesses a direction, it establishes a certain path.

Vollenhoven, part 7 (disk 13)

Knowledge is modally conditioned implies that there can be talk of knowledge when there is the presence of the analytical function, an animal cannot know.  The logical norm is also modally conditioned and in the analytical I recognize the principle of contradiction as a normative law.  If we acknowledge that God has set everything under its corresponding laws, then nothing may transgress these creational laws. 

The direction in our knowing; there is obedience to the norm or disobedience to the norm.  Here for the first time we have for the first time the distinction on the analytical level between good and bad.  There are mistakes in remembering and in logical mistakes and it is not meaningless to recognize error, it is the disruption due to sin.

The present is dependent on the past and it is also directed toward the future.

The second source of knowledge is the word of God.  This knowledge is gained by the restored pistical function.  You don’t loose faith, it is just directed in the right or wrong direction and only when it is directed in the right direction that you have the eyes to see what God has in his cosmos.  This can only be said by Christian epistemology but it is truly possible only for a Calvinistic epistemology, which arranges under nature all the cosmos accept the word of God itself.  The Calvinist sees nature as a totality and the entire created state is a natural state restored by the grace of God. 

Now Vollenhoven saw the pistical function resting upon all the others.  It is not set antithetically over against reason.  It is not that the pistical gives us additions and corrections over against reason.  The pistical is a part of nature and it is corrupted by sin and must be restored to its natural state.  Differences in function may not be paralleled with the difference between good and evil.

No concrete knowledge of the cosmos is possible unless both activities of the pistical and everything else operate together.  Only when knowledge is religious in character does it become concrete (Kennis).  Self-knowledge is only possible as your restored pistic function is turned to the word of God and lived out of the word of God.  Man can get knowledge of God from nature as well (MY NOTE: Romans 1 does give indication that the heathen knows God through the cosmos but due to his sin suppresses that knowledge, Knudsen does not bring out if Vollenhoven acknowledges that or not).  The role of this knowledge is the search of faith for the agreement of knowledge gained through the cosmos to what the word of God says about it.

Transition thoughts about Vollenhoven:

Vollenhoven in collaboration with Dooyeweerd developed the WdW.  They have the modal doctrine in common.  The argument comes who developed what first?  There were nuances in each of their thought. 

Vollenhoven’s philosophizing doesn’t have so explicitly the transcendental cache of Dooyeweerds method.

  

Even though Vollenhoven rejects the logos idea and sees logic as an aspect among others and as he sees in theory the combination of the logical and non-logical and sees a synthesis.  Nevertheless he uses analytical distinctions too freely and indiscriminately.

It seem that this type of thing will show up in his way of thinking about the history of philosophy.

Vollenhoven’s Consistent-Problem Historical Method

Much of Vollenhoven’s career was taken up by the development of this idea.  The application of this method lead to the publication of the first volume of a projected greater work on the history of philosophy, in which the first volume dealt with Greek Philosophy.   This was a blow to Vollenhoven and his publications never again reached book form.

Knudsen noted that Vollenhoven who has attracted a large number of followers and scholars to the Calvinistic Philosophy.  This is due in large part to the influence of H. Evan Runner (Philosophy professor at Calvin College).  One of Runners students Calvin Seerveld (Professor Emeritus, Institute for Christian Studies) prefers Vollenhoven’s method for the history of philosophy to that of Dooyeweerd’s method.

The method proceeds on the notion that similar ideas occur over and over again in the history of philosophy.  As Calvin Seerveld says, as his working hypothesis was molding his judgments Vollenhoven was struck by the similarity of certain conceptions of Edington, Einstein, and Archimeadies.  He hit upon the idea that there were perhaps definite types of  philosophical conception, certain systematic interpretations of reality that keep occurring in the history of thought.  Vollenhoven went to find out if this were true, so as not to read modern conceptions back into earlier ones, Vollenhoven began at the simple beginnings of Greek Philosophy.  He asked what each person had to say about the structure, origin, the troubled state and the meaning of reality.  Out of this study rose one main categories for interpreting Greek and subsequent western philosophy and evidence that there are recurring philosophical positions since the beginning of philosophical reflection.  These were arraigned according to types; the materialistic monism of Thales is held for example by Leucippus, Democratus, Arstippus, Epicurus, Lucretius, Casendy, and Jean-Paul Sartre.

Now there were major distinctions in the history of philosophy.  He sought to bring out the major divisions under a Christian interpretation by distinguishing philosophy from before the synthesis, during the synthesis and after the synthesis.  Again the modes of being are recognized in full by the Christian faith (God, Law, Cosmos).  A full ontology must speak of all these modes.  Ancient ontology could not be complete.  In ancient ontology there was only an eye for the Law and the Cosmos and interpreted in an erroneous fashion.  Where do you find the law?  The realist answer that it was outside the cosmos and the non-realist that it was in the cosmos.  At the first the non-realist held sway in ancient Greek thought.  The objectivist seek to discover the law in the object.  The subjectivist seek to discover the law in the subject, they attempt to reduce the object to the subject. 

In subjectivist orientations Vollenhoven distinguished for one universalism, individualism, and partial universalism.  In a Christian the universal and the individual always appear together.  In non-Christian thought one is attempted to derive the one from the other.

Robert D. Knudsen's Calvinistic Philosophy lectures (Disks 11)

This is a continuation of the class lectures on Calvinistic Philosophy given by Robert D. Knudsen at Westminster Theological Seminary.  As before, the information in the audio recordings have not been validated for accuracy (use at your own risk).

 Vollenhoven, part 5 (disk 11)

The modal distinction of thus and so and the additional distinction of this and that may be distinguished but never separated.  A particular number always has the characteristic of number.  The same is true for all other modalities.

Now Vollenhoven said there are connections within the modes and between the modes.  The simplest case is a relation within the same modality, for example, the relationship between the numbers 3 and 4.  In the analytical, the relationship between premises and a conclusion.  This relationship is called samenhang.  There is a irreversible order, the spatial presuppose the arithmetical and not vice-versa.  The economic presupposes the social and not vice-versa.  More complex presuppose the less complex.  Substrate (all functions that are presupposed) and the higher functions are the Superstrate.  The connection between modalities also consist of the fact that the more complex functions follow the less complex functions but they also refer back to them, this is retrocipation.  All modes look back to the modes that come before it.  A line is always a line, it can be measured and number.  It looks back to the arithmetical, but it is not to be reduced to the arithmetical.  The higher functions take up into themselves the lower functions.  The lower modes look forward to the higher ones, this is called anticipation.  An illustration of this is an irrational number in which a series of numbers anticipate space (MY NOTE: Knudsen admits ignorance here due to his lack of mathematical knowledge, however I think what Vollenhoven was getting at with irrational numbers were numbers that were used to explain a ratio: Pi, Eulers Constant, the golden ratio, etc).  In differential and integral calculus a series anticipates the mechanical.

In all the modalities with the exception of the highest and lowest you have both anticipations and retrocipations.  In faith, there are no anticipations and in the arithmetic there is no retrocipations.  Now because of the fact that the substrate and superstrate differ in man and in the animal, there is no function that man and animal have abstractly in common.  Man and animal do not abstractly share the same functions in the psychical.  In the anthropology you always get a holistic point of view, every function in man has a specific individuality.  In animals each function is unique to the animal and not shared with other functions.

Vollenhoven called a particular thing that embrace two or more subject-functions a subject unity.  Something having various mutually anticipating and retrocipating functions it is a systasis.  The word systasis is to refer to a thing in its concreteness.  A systasis may be designated according to its highest function.  A circle would be a spatial systasis.  A man is a pistical systasis.  What qualifies a man as a totality in its entire individuality is that he then depends upon reaches out toward a firm ground of belief in God and his promises.

Vollenhoven and Dooyeweerd thought of man as qualified as a subject in his leading function, the pistic.  Dooyeweerd differed later in his thought and said man is not qualified by any function, man is free.  Nevertheless individual acts of man may be qualified modally.  One of the consequences of this would mean a move in Dooyeweerd’s thinking that mans life is ruled or that we understand man in terms of principles in which one vests his assurance.  Dooyweerd will look deeper and will try to see all principles from a deeper background.  Man is carried along by religious driving motives.

Systasis might be a thing or it might not be a thing.  He said it would be a thing if it had a subject function that was active.  Is a circle a thing?  Not according to this definition.  A rock and water are active.  The subject function of the thing, the highest function is its leading function.  Man functions subjectively in all the modalities, when you describe the man as a thinker, he is qualified analytically.  Since a systasis cannot exist apart from its manifold connections, it is not a thing in itself (Ding an sich).  Now the anticipations, retrocipations, the relations between the modes, the connections and connections within the modes cannot be reduced one to another.

Robert D. Knudsen's Calvinistic Philosophy lectures (Disks 10)

This is a continuation of the class lectures on Calvinistic Philosophy given by Robert D. Knudsen at Westminster Theological Seminary.  As before, the information in the audio recordings have not been validated for accuracy (use at your own risk).
 

Vollenhoven, part 4 (disk 10)

Vollenhoven began to distinguish between cosmic unities and modal differentiations that intersect the cosmic unities.  There are cosmic unities such as man, animals, etc which intersect the cosmic unities.  These unities are ordered in a particular order and may not be subordinated to another.

Vollenhoven attempted to develop his own understanding of the world and he came on stream with this in October 1930 in his syllabus in which he developed his Isagoge Philosophiae (Introduction to Philosophy).  He distinguishes between philosophy as an act and philosophy as a result.  Philosophy is a human effort and the result of the human effort and he makes a sharp distinction between ontology and epistemology and ontology has the primacy.  Now he took the position that his method had to be thetic.  It had to present his own thesis and only then critical.  Furthermore, one must take into consideration also the position of those who have gone before and position of contemporary, on must see whether they see the problems correctly.

In this writing Vollenhoven said that philosophy is not the only kind of theoretical knowledge, there is also knowledge of the special sciences, but all theoretical knowledge is distinguished between the pre-theoretical knowledge.  Theoretical knowledge presupposes the pre-theoretical and is dependent upon it.  Vollenhoven opposed the position that everything must be explained in terms of theoretical knowledge.

Philosophy may not be considered apart from the special sciences.  Neither may it come into conflict with pre-theoretical knowledge.  Now to the latter belongs the knowledge of faith.  Faith is a pre-theoretical insight, it may be refined theoretically, but is not dependent upon it.  For a Christian belief in God’s word revelation and rejection of any other revelation, is a pre-theoretical matter.  Now a Christian philosophic system is required to include thoughts about scriptural beliefs, but it must be completely in agreement with that faith and scriptural in character.

Scriptural faith is presented with the following problems

1.     Who is the creator?  The answer is God who is sovereign in his creation, revelation and providence.

2.     What is the creation in relation to God?  The answer is the creation is dependent upon the creator and is subordinate to his sovereign law, revelation and providence.

3.     Where does the boundary between the two lie?  The law is the boundary between God and the cosmos.

Only God is the sovereign lawgiver and the creation is subject to his law.

Now the task of philosophy is to think about the creation.  Philosophy may not deny the states of affair of creation.  The field of the investigation of philosophy is the entire extent of the cosmos and may not transgress the boundary or the law.  Philosophy must retain its own character and it may not pass over into theology or empty speculation.

What is the relationship of Theology and Philosophy?  Theology is among the special sciences, it is among the other special sciences and must explore its philosophical foundations.

Vollenhoven distinguishes between the heavenly creation and the earthly creation and he investigated the distinction and connection between these spheres.

H.G. Stoker believed that one may philosophize about parts of the creation that is unseen.  Stoker and Vollenhoven differ between Dooyeweerd on this point.  Dooyeweerd thinks of the limits of science within our experience.  The method that has come out of Dooyeweerd’s thought is an empirical transcendental method.

Vollenhoven maintained that there are unseen things that we may philosophize about (heaven, angels, etc.). 

In reference to the earthly creation, Vollenhoven attempted to make the least complicated distinctions to build up to more complicated distinctions by making further distinctions.  The primary distinction is the “thus-so” distinction.  You talk about an earthly being in a particular way, and we refer to it arithmetically, spatially, physically, organically…thus and so.  Now Vollenhoven originally distinguished 15 modal aspects of the created cosmos.  Each of the aspects were irreducible to the other.  If one does not keep this in mind he falls into anatomies, that is into logical contradictions that cannot be resolved by being more clear, the boundaries are being transgressed and can only be resolved by making proper distinctions within the sphere.

Vollenhoven’s original 15 aspects

1.     Arithmetic

2.     Spatial

3.     Mechanical

4.     Physical

5.     Organical

6.     Psychical

7.     Analytical

8.     Historical

9.     Linguistic

10.  Social

11.  Economic

12.  Aesthetical

13.  Juridical

14.  Ethical

15.  Pistical

Over the course of time, by various individuals in this school these have be changed, rearranged, deleted etc.

There is the idea that when we examine the created cosmos we have to give attention to the states of affairs and we may not impose distinctions or take the place of the difficult effort of ferreting out truths that exist within the cosmos as God has created.  This is different from the task of the Theologian who’s job it is to engage in the special science of Theology.

Now if a particular subject exists in a particular mode we must also hold that there is a corresponding particularity of law.  You have the law side and a subject side.  A psychical subject must have a psychical law that applies to it.  It implies that there are particular laws that hold for the particular law spheres. 

Now here we find the outworking the principle that the logical is not considered an all embracing a common denominator.  It too is embedded in the cosmic diversity.

The second simplest distinction in the cosmos is the ‘this-that’ distinction.  This occurs in all the modal aspects of reality.  All the ‘this-that’ for which the same law pertains constitutes a sphere of the particular law.  Since there are many laws there are many law spheres. 

The ‘thus-so’ and the ‘this-that’ may be distinguished from one another and yet intersected with modal distinctions.  A particular number has the characteristics of number.  You have the number and it is this-that number.  There are connections within and between the modes.  You can have relationships within the arithmetical between the numbers 3 and 4.  Another case in the Analytical is a conclusion following from two premises.  Vollenhoven calls such a relationship samenhang   (My note: I don’t know if this is the correct Dutch word, the online translator I used translated this as connection).  There are relationships between the modes because there are a natural order of subject functions.  Spatial characteristic presupposes the Arithmetical.  Analytical thought presupposes emotional relationship.  The more complex relationship presuppose the less complex relationships.  The functions that are presupposed are the substrate (all functions have substrate, except the arithmetical).